Potencial de reducción de emisiones y captura de carbono en bosques y sistemas agroforestales con cacao en el Pacífico colombiano / Potential for reducing emissions and carbon sequestration in forests and cocoa agroforestry systems in the Colombian Pacific

Resumen Introducción: Los bosques y sistemas agroforestales (SAF) suministran bienes y servicios ecosistémicos para la sociedad, tal como la mitigación del cambio climático. Objetivo: Se estimó el potencial de reducción de emisiones y captura de carbono en bosques y SAF con cacao de la subcuenca del río Munguidó, Colombia. Métodos: Se seleccionaron tres sistemas de uso del suelo (bosque primario, bosque secundario y SAF con cacao). Se establecieron 18 parcelas temporales de muestreo, seis por sistema, para medir los árboles (diámetro a la altura del pecho -dap ≥ 10 cm) y arbustos de cacao. Se cuantificó la biomasa aérea con ecuaciones alométricas y una fracción de carbono de 0.5. Se estimó la fijación de carbono en el bosque secundario y el SAF con cacao como la razón entre el carbono almacenado y su edad. La pérdida de carbono del bosque primario se estimó con base en la deforestación para Chocó y dicha subcuenca (0.6 y 0.3 %/año, respectivamente). Se realizó un análisis de varianza y comparación de medias LSD Fisher para determinar las diferencias en el almacenamiento y la fijación de carbono entre los usos. Resultados: El bosque primario almacenó más carbono que el bosque secundario y el SAF con cacao (190.1, 22.3 y 5.3 Mg/ha, respectivamente). La fijación de carbono del bosque secundario y el SAF con cacao no difirieron (2.23 vs 1.33 Mg/ha/año). En 20 años, el bosque primario presentaría una reducción de emisiones de 1.4-2.6 Tg CO2; y el bosque secundario y el SAF con cacao presentarían una captura de 100.8 y 30.7 Gg CO2, respectivamente. Conclusiones: En la subcuenca del río Munguidó es posible establecer proyectos para la reducción de emisiones en bosque primario y captura de carbono en bosques secundarios y SAF con cacao, con lo cual se podría emitir 1.4-2.6 millones de toneladas de CO2.

Abstract Introduction: Forests and agroforestry systems (AFS) provide ecosystem goods and services for society, such as climate change mitigation. Objective: The potential for emission reductions and carbon sequestration in forests and cocoa agroforestry systems in the Munguidó river sub-basin in Colombia was estimated. Methods: Three land use systems were selected (primary forest, secondary forest and AFS with cocoa). Eighteen temporary sampling plots were established, six per system, to measure trees (diameter at breast height -dbh ≥ 10 cm) and cocoa shrubs. Aboveground biomass was quantified with allometric equations and a carbon fraction of 0.5. Carbon fixation in secondary forest and AFS with cocoa was estimated as the ratio of carbon stored to its age. Carbon loss from primary forest was estimated based on deforestation for Chocó and that sub-basin (0.6 and 0.3 %/year, respectively). An analysis of variance and LSD Fisher mean comparison was performed to determine differences in carbon storage and carbon sequestration between uses. Results: Primary Forest stored more carbon than secondary forest and AFS with cocoa (190.1, 22.3 and 5.3 Mg/ha, respectively). The carbon fixation of secondary forest and AFS with cocoa did not differ (2.23 vs. 1.33 Mg/ha/year). In 20 years, the primary forest would present an emission reduction of 1.4-2.6 Tg CO2; and the secondary forest and the PFS with cocoa would present a sequestration of 100.8 and 30.7 Gg CO2, respectively. Conclusion: In the Munguidó river sub-basin, it is possible to establish projects for the reduction of emissions in primary forest and carbon sequestration in secondary forests and AFS with cocoa, which could emit 1.4-2.6 million tons of CO2.

Comparison of radiographic and tomographic evaluations for measurement of the Canal Flare Index in dogs / [Comparação entre avaliação radiográfica e tomográfica para mensuração do Canal Flare Index em cães]

The outcome of total hip arthroplasty (THA) in dogs is directly related to surgical planning. Templating of radiographs prior to THA should help the surgeon anticipate prosthesis size and femoral shape allowing canal fill of the proximal metaphysis by the implant ensuring primary stable fixation. The canal flare index (CFI) obtained from radiograph has been used as a measure of risk of complications for the technique in human beings and dogs. However, standard radiographs only provide limited data for the selection of cementless prostheses and the assessment of their fit within the femoral canal, due to factors like radiographic magnification and femoral rotation. Therefore, three-dimensional evaluation based on computed tomography (CT) may be a better tool for CFI measurement. The aim of this study was to compare anatomical measurement with CFI values obtained from craniocaudal radiography and CT. Craniocaudal radiographs using a horizontal radiographic beam (CR), CT, and anatomical macroscopic measurements (A) were obtained from 45 femurs from 23 canine cadavers. The differences between the values of CFI obtained from radiograph (CFI-R), computed tomography on transverse (CFI- TT) and longitudinal axis (CFI-TL) compared to the CFI obtained from macroscopic measurements - gold standard - (CFI-A), and 95% limits of agreement (LOA) between the values, were evaluated by the Bland-Altman method. Dimensions obtained from CT techniques had a greatest mean difference from anatomical and CFI values were also different (P=0.032). Under the experimental conditions, the craniocaudal radiograph, provided the most accurate measurement of the CFI (mean difference: 0.087 ± 0.42).(AU)

O resultado da artroplastia total do quadril (ATQ) em cães está diretamente relacionado ao planejamento cirúrgico. O templating radiográfico pré-operatório da ATQ deve ajudar o cirurgião a prever o tamanho da prótese e o formato do fêmur, o que permitirá um preenchimento ideal da metáfise proximal pelo implante, garantindo, assim, fixação primária estável. O índice de alargamento do canal (Canal Flare Index - CFI) obtido em radiografias tem sido utilizado como fator de risco de complicações para a técnica em humanos e cães. No entanto, as radiografias podem fornecer apenas dados limitados para a seleção de próteses não cimentadas e a avaliação do seu encaixe no canal femoral, devido a fatores como ampliação radiográfica e rotação femoral. Portanto, a avaliação tridimensional baseada na tomografia computadorizada (TC) pode ser uma ferramenta vantajosa para a mensuração do CFI. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a medida anatômica com os valores de CFI obtidos na radiografia craniocaudal e na TC. Radiografias craniocaudais utilizando feixe radiográfico horizontal (CR), tomografia computadorizada e medidas macroscópicas anatômicas (A) foram obtidas de 45 fêmures de 23 cadáveres caninos. As diferenças entre os valores de CFI obtidos na radiografia (CFI-R), na tomografia computadorizada no eixo transversal (CFI-TT) e no eixo longitudinal (CFI-TL), em comparação com os valores de CFI obtidos nas medições macroscópicas - padrão-ouro - (CFI-A) e os limites de concordância de 95% (LOA) entre os valores, foram avaliadas pelo método de Bland-Altman. As dimensões obtidas pelas técnicas de TC apresentaram maior diferença média dos valores anatômicos, e as do CFI também foram diferentes (P=0,032). Nas condições experimentais, a radiografia craniocaudal forneceu a medida mais precisa do CFI (diferença média: 0,087 ± 0,42) para representar o padrão-ouro deste estudo.(AU)

Acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography of the stifle joint of healthy beagles / [Elastografia acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) da articulação do joelho de beagles saudáveis]

The objective was to establish the reference standards for elastography of the main structures of the canine stifle joint. The medial meniscus, patellar and cruciate ligaments of thirty healthy beagles was evaluated by B-mode and ARFI elastography (n=60 joints). Analysis detected a positive correlation of the shear wave velocity (SWV) of structures according to age. Patellar ligament presented a gradual stiffness increase in relation to age, while medial meniscus and cruciate ligament were more rigid in puppies than in adults. However, greater stiffness of these structures was observed in elderly animals. Elasticity of each structure was evaluated according to gender and reproductive status. Females presented greater stiffness of all structures, with SWV differing 0.3 and 0.36m/s between genders. Only the medial meniscus was not stiffer in neutered animals when compared to intact animals, differing only 0.02m/s in menisci and 0.4 to 0.47m/s in ligaments between groups. These findings corroborate with literature data that states a higher prevalence of ligament insufficiency in elderly dogs, females and neutered animals. It was concluded that ARFI elastography of the canine stifle joint is feasible and its application can be potentially effective in early diagnosis of ligament and meniscal changes.(AU)

O objetivo foi estabelecer os padrões normais para elastografia das principais estruturas da articulação do joelho em cães. O menisco medial, ligamento patelar e cruzado de trinta beagles saudáveis foram avaliados pelo modo B e elastografia ARFI (n=60 articulações). A análise detectou uma correlação positiva da velocidade de cisalhamento (SWV) das estruturas com a idade. O ligamento patelar apresentou um aumento gradual da rigidez em relação à idade, enquanto o menisco medial e o ligamento cruzado foram mais rígidos em filhotes do que em adultos. Entretanto, observou-se maior rigidez dessas estruturas em idosos. A elasticidade de cada estrutura foi avaliada de acordo com o sexo e o estado reprodutivo. As fêmeas apresentaram maior rigidez em todas as estruturas, com SWV diferente de 0,3 e 0,36m/s entre os sexos. Somente o menisco medial não foi mais rígido nos animais castrados quando comparado não castrados, diferindo apenas 0,02m/s no menisco e 0,4 a 0,47m/s nos ligamentos entre os grupos. Esses achados corroboram com dados da literatura que afirmam maior prevalência de insuficiência ligamentar em cães idosos, fêmeas e animais castrados. Concluiu-se que a elastografia ARFI da articulação do joelho canino é viável e sua aplicação pode ser eficaz no diagnóstico precoce de alterações ligamentares e meniscais.(AU)

Composición florística, estructura y diversidad del bosque pluvial tropical de la subcuenca del río Munguidó, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia / Floristic composition, structure and diversity of the tropical pluvial forest of the sub-basin of the Munguidó River, Quibdó, Chocó, Colombia / Composição florística, estrutura e diversidade da floresta pluvial tropical da sub-bacia do rio Munguidó, Quibdó, Chocó, Colômbia

RESUMEN Se caracterizó la composición florística, estructura horizontal y diversidad del bosque primario de la subcuenca del río Munguidó, Chocó, Colombia. Se estableció una parcela de muestreo de 1000 x 1000 m en donde se marcaron cuatro parcelas temporales de muestreo (PTM) de 500 x 10 m. En estas PTM se registraron los individuos con diámetro a la altura del pecho ≥ 10 cm. Se calculó el índice de valor de importancia (IVI) con base en la abundancia, dominancia y frecuencia relativas. Se encontró una abundancia promedio de 441 individuos/ha, pertenecientes a 71 especies de 63 géneros y 32 familias. Las familias mejor representadas fueron: Moraceae, Faboideae y Apocinaceae. Las especies de mayor importancia ecológica, según IVI, fueron: Virola reiidi, Chrysophyllum argenteum y Protium veneralense. El bosque de estudio presentó una alta diversidad de especies, con valores en los índices de Equidad de Shannon, Dominancia de Simpson y Diversidad de Margalef 3,6, 0,03 y 10,3, respectivamente. Este ecosistema se caracteriza por poseer una alta riqueza y diversidad de especies y poca presencia de individuos de la familia Arecaceae.

ABSTRACT The floristic composition, horizontal structure and diversity of the primary forest of the sub-basin of the Munguidó river, Chocó, Colombia were characterized. A sampling plot of 1000 x 1000 m was established, where four temporal sampling plots (TSP) of 500 x 10 m. In these TSP, the individuals with diameter at breast height equal or greater than 10 cm were registered. The importance value index (IVI) was calculated based on relative abundance, dominance and frequency. It was found a mean abundance of 441 individuals/ha, belonging to 71 species of 63 genera and 32 families. The best represented families were: Moraceae, Faboideae and Apocinaceae. The species with the greatest ecological importance, according their IVI, were: Virola reiidi, Chrysophyllum argenteum y Protium veneralense. The studied forest had a high diversity of species, with values of the indexes of Shannon Equity, Simpson Dominance and Margalef Diversity of 3.6, 0.03 and 10.3, respectively. This ecosystem is characterized by having a high richness and diversity of species and little presence of individuals of the Arecaceae family.

RESUMO A composição florística, estrutura horizontal e diversidade da floresta primária da sub-bacia do rio Munguidó, Chocó, Colômbia, foi caracterizada. Foi estabelecida uma parcela de amostragem de 1000 x 1000 m onde foram marcados quatro parcelas de amostragem temporárias (TSPs) de 500 x 10 m. Nestes TMPs, foram registrados indivíduos com diâmetro à altura do peito ≥ 10 cm. O índice de valor de importância (IVI) foi calculado com base na abundância relativa, dominância e frequência. Foi encontrada uma abundância média de 441 indivíduos/ ha, pertencentes a 71 espécies de 63 gêneros e 32 famílias. As famílias mais representadas foram: Moraceae, Faboideae e Apocinaceae. As espécies de maior importância ecológica, segundo o IVI, foram: Virola reiidi, Chrysophyllum argenteum e Protium veneralense. O estudo florestal apresentou uma alta diversidade de espécies, com valores nos índices de Shannon Equity, Simpson Dominance e Margalef Diversity 3,6, 0,03 e 10,3, respectivamente. Este ecossistema é caracterizado por uma alta riqueza e diversidade de espécies e uma baixa presença de indivíduos da família Arecaceae.

Diversidad florística y captura de carbono en robledales y pasturas con árboles en Santa Isabel, Tolima, Colombia

Introducción: La acelerada transformación de los usos del suelo en los Andes colombianos han afectado la diversidad y la provisión de servicios ecosistémicos. Objetivo: Se caracterizó la estructura y composición florística, junto a la estimación del carbono almacenado en biomasa de bosques primarios intervenidos y pasturas con árboles en Santa Isabel, Tolima. Métodos: En cada sistema, se establecieron cinco parcelas de muestreo: rectangulares de 1 000 m2 cada una en bosques y circulares de 707 m2 en pasturas, para medir todos los individuos con diámetro a 1.30 m de altura, ≥10 cm. La biomasa se estimó a partir de modelos alométricos multi-especies y un modelo genérico en el caso de biomasa abajo del suelo. Resultados: En el bosque se registró una abundancia promedio de 642 ± 125 individuos/ha, se encontraron 25 familias, 39 géneros, 43 especies y morfoespecies en 0.5 ha de muestreo. Quercus humboldtii y Ladenbergia macrocarpa fueron las especies con el mayor Índice de Valor de Importancia (IVI = 32.5 y 11.2, respectivamente) en los bosques. En pasturas se encontraron 175.0 ± 21.3 individuos/ha, pertenecientes a 8 familias, 9 géneros, 10 especies y morfoespecies en 0.35 ha de muestreo. Eugenia spp. y Weinmannia pubescens tuvieron la mayor importancia ecológica (19.5 y 17.6 %, respectivamente) en pasturas. El bosque almacenó en promedio 125.0 ± 30.0 t C/ha, comparado con 18.4 ± 1.8 t C/haen pasturas. Conclusiones: Estos hallazgos muestran alta capacidad de almacenamiento de carbono en estos usos del suelo, lo cual contribuye a mantener o disminuir la concentración de gases de efecto invernadero en la atmósfera, y por ende, son un referente que permite desarrollar estrategias de conservación, con miras a mitigar el cambio climático.

Introduction: The accelerated transformation of land uses in the Colombian Andes has affected diversity and the provision of ecosystem services. Objective: The structure and floristic composition and the estimation of the carbon stored in biomass of intervened primary forests and pastures with trees in Santa Isabel, Tolima, was described. Methods: In each system, five sampling plots were established: rectangular of 1 000 m2 each in forests and circular of 707 m2 in pastures to measure all individuals with a diameter of 1.30 m in height, ≥10 cm. The biomass was estimated from multi-species allometric models and a generic model in the case of below-ground biomass. Results: In the forest, an average abundance of 642 ± 125 individuals / ha was recorded, finding 25 families, 39 genera, 43 species and morphospecies in 0.5 ha of sampling. Quercus humboldtii and Ladenbergia macrocarpa were the species with the highest Importance Value Index (IVI = 32.5 and 11.2, respectively) in the forests. In pastures, 175.0 ± 21.3 individuals / ha were found, belonging to 8 families, 9 genera, 10 species and morphospecies in 0.35 ha of sampling. Weinmannia pubescens and Eugenia spp. had the greatest ecological importance (19.5 and 17.6 %, respectively) in pastures. The forest stored an average of 125.0 ± 30.0 t C/ ha, compared to 18.4 ± 1.8 t C/ha in pastures. Conclusions: These findings show high carbon storage capacity in these land uses, which contributes to maintain or decrease the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and therefore, are a benchmark that allows to develop conservation strategies, with a view to mitigate climate change.

The life cycle of Neotropical ground beetle, Abaris basistriata (Coleoptera: Carabidae) reared on different substrates / Ciclo de vida do besouro de solo Neotropical, Abaris basistriata (Coleoptera: Carabidae) criado em diferentes substratos

Abstract Carabids are recognized worldwide as biological control agents of agricultural pests. The objective was to compare the life cycle of Abaris basistriata Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on three substrates: soil, fine vermiculite, or paper napkins. The biological cycle of A. basistriata presented different durations in soil and paper. The viability of eggs and larvae survival of the first and second instars were similar on all three substrates, while the third instar and pupa in the soil presented higher survival when compared with vermiculite and paper. The soil substrate was more favorable for the longevity of the carabid beetle. Abaris basistriata showed a shorter pre-oviposition period and a higher oviposition and post-oviposition period in the soil. Fecundity and fertility were higher when A. basistriata was reared on soil. The soil was most favorable substrate for rearing of A. basistriata in the laboratory. This information may make this species useful for the biological control.

Resumo Os carabídeos são reconhecidos mundialmente como agentes de controle biológico de pragas agrícolas. O objetivo foi comparar o ciclo de vida de Abaris basistriata Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae) em três substratos: solo, vermiculita fina, ou guardanapos de papel. O ciclo biológico de A. basistriata apresentou diferentes durações no solo e no papel. A viabilidade dos ovos e a sobrevivência das larvas do primeiro e segundo instares foram semelhantes nos três substratos, enquanto que o terceiro instar e a pupa apresentaram maior sobrevivência no solo quando comparados com vermiculita e papel. O substrato solo foi mais favorável à longevidade do carabídeo. Abaris basistriata mostrou menor período de pré-oviposição e maior período de oviposição e pós-oviposição no solo. A fecundidade e a fertilidade foram maiores quando A. basistriata foi criado no solo. O solo foi o substrato mais favorável para a criação de A. basistriata no laboratório. Estas informações são importantes e podem tornar essa espécie útil para o controlo biológico.

Coinfecções por Leishmania infantum, Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii em cães necropsiados da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Coinfections by Leishmania infantum, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii in necropsied dogs from the central region of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi determinar a presença de anticorpos para Leishmania infantum, Neospora caninum e Toxoplasma gondii, por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), em cães (n=78) provenientes da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, necropsiados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM), bem como avaliar os dados epidemiológicos, sazonais e anátomo-histopatológicos. Do total de animais avaliados, 67,9% (53/78) apresentaram soropositividade para ao menos um agente. A ocorrência de anticorpos para L. infantum, N. caninum e T. gondii foi de 33,3 (26/78), 37,1 (29/78) e 43,5% (34/78), respectivamente. Detectaram-se monoinfecções em 9,4% (5/53) para L. infantum, 18,8% (10/53) para N. caninum e 20,7% (11/53) para T. gondii. As coinfecções foram observadas em 27/53 (50,9%) dos animais. As infecções ocorreram independentemente de idade, sexo, procedência ou raça (P>0,05). Não se verificaram lesões anatomo-histopatológicas relacionadas aos agentes pesquisados, caracterizando-os como animais assintomáticos. Os resultados confirmaram a exposição de cães a esses protozoários na região central do RS e, em especial, demonstraram a circulação do agente causador da leishmaniose em uma área considerada indene para a enfermidade.(AU)

The present paper is aimed to determine the presence of antibodies for Leishmania infantum, Neospora caninum and Toxoplasma gondii by indirect immunofluorescence (IIF) in dogs (n=78) from the central region in the state of Rio Grande do Sul necropsied in the Veterinary Hospital from Universidade Federal de Santa Maria (UFSM). The data was evaluated regarding epidemiological, anatomic, and histopathologic findings. Of the total animals evaluated, 67.9% (53/78) showed seropositivity for at least one agent. The occurrence of antibodies to L. infantum, N. caninum and T. gondii was 33.3% (26/78) 37.1% (29/78) and 43.5% (34/78), respectively. The mono infections were detected in 9.4% (5/53) of L. infantum, 18.8% (10/53) for N. caninum and 20.7% (11/53) T. gondii. The coinfections occurred in 50.9% (27/53) of animals. There were not anatomical and histopathological lesions regarding these surveyed agents, characterizing them as subclinical animals. The results confirmed the exposition of dogs to these protozoa in the central region of the RS, highlighting the circulation of the causer agent of leishmaniasis in an area considered harmless for the disease.(AU)

Acute exercise inhibits gastric emptying of liquids in rats: influence of the NO-cGMP pathway

We previously found that acute exercise inhibited the gastric emptying of liquid in awake rats by causing an acid-base imbalance. In the present study, we investigated the involvement of the nitric oxide-cyclic guanosine monophosphate (NO-cGMP) pathway, vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP), and corticotropin-releasing factor (CRF) peptide in this phenomenon. Male rats were divided into exercise or sedentary group and were subjected to a 15-min swim session against a load (2.5 or 5% b.w.). The rate of gastric emptying was evaluated after 5, 10, or 20 min postprandially. Separate groups of rats were treated with vehicle (0.9% NaCl, 0.1 mL/100 g, ip) or one of the following agents: atropine (1.0 mg/kg, ip), the NO non-selective inhibitor Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester hydrochloride (L-NAME; 10.0 mg/kg, ip), or the selective cGMP inhibitor 1H-(1,2,4)oxadiazole[4,3-a]quinoxalin-1-one (ODQ; 5.0 mg/kg, ip), the i-NOS non-specific inhibitor (aminoguanidine; 10.0 mg/kg, ip), the corticotropin-releasing factor receptor antagonist (astressin; 100 µg/kg, ip), or the vasoactive intestinal peptide (VIP) receptor antagonist Lys1, Pro2,5, Arg3,4, Tyr6 (100 µg/kg, ip). Compared to sedentary rats, both the 2.5 and 5% exercise groups exhibited higher (P<0.05) values of blood lactate and fractional gastric dye recovery. Corticosterone and NO levels increased (P<0.05) in the 5% exercised rats. Pretreatment with astressin, VIP antagonist, atropine, L-NAME, and ODQ prevented the increase in gastric retention caused by exercise in rats. Acute exercise increased gastric retention, a phenomenon that appears to be mediated by the NO-cGMP pathway, CRF, and VIP receptors.

Tiroidectomía transoral endoscópica por abordaje vestibular (TOETVA): reporte del primer caso en humanos realizado en Latinoamérica / Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA): report of the first human case in Latin America

Introducción: Desde hace aproximadamente 20 años se han venido realizando varias técnicas de tiroidectomía por mínimo acceso, apoyadas en la videoendoscopia en pro de reemplazar la incisión clásica descrita por Kocher. Se han diseñado múltiples abordajes, sin embargo, ninguno ha conseguido evitar totalmente las cicatrices. En el año 2008 Witzel introdujo la técnica transoral y en el 2015, Anuwong publicó la primera serie realizada en humanos. Presentación del caso: Se trata de una paciente de 47 años a quien se ha diagnosticado por PAAF una lesión folicular en el lóbulo izquierdo de la tiroides. Discusión: La paciente fue sometida a hemitiroidectomía izquierda más estudio de congelación transoperatoria que resultó negativo. Se realizó un abordaje transoral endoscópico, con un tiempo de 280 min y sangrado de 40 ml. No se registraron complicaciones en el transoperatorio ni en el postoperatorio. Conclusión: La tiroidectomía transoral endoscópica por abordaje vestibular (TOETVA) representa, entre las cirugías de mínimo acceso, la única que potencialmente está totalmente libre de cicatrices, ofreciendo seguridad y resultados comparables con otras técnicas.

Introduction: For about 20 years we has been conducting several techniques of minimal access thyroidectomy, supported by videoendoscopy towards replacing the classic Kocher incision. Multiple approaches have been described, however none has achieved completely avoid scarring. Witzel in 2008 introduced the transoral technique and in 2015 Anuwong published the first series performed in humans. Case presentation: This is a 47 years old patient who have been diagnosed by FNAB follicular lesion in the left lobe of her thyroid. Discussion: The patient underwent a left hemithyroidectomy + intraoperative frozen study that was negative, transoral endoscopic approach was performed with a time of 280 min and 40 ml bleeding. No complications occurred intraoperatively or postoperatively. Conclusion: Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) represents between the minimum access surgeries the only one that is potentially totally free of scars, offering safety and comparable results with other techniques.

The life cycle of Neotropical ground beetle, Abaris basistriata (Coleoptera: Carabidae) reared on different substrates

Abstract Carabids are recognized worldwide as biological control agents of agricultural pests. The objective was to compare the life cycle of Abaris basistriata Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae) on three substrates: soil, fine vermiculite, or paper napkins. The biological cycle of A. basistriata presented different durations in soil and paper. The viability of eggs and larvae survival of the first and second instars were similar on all three substrates, while the third instar and pupa in the soil presented higher survival when compared with vermiculite and paper. The soil substrate was more favorable for the longevity of the carabid beetle. Abaris basistriata showed a shorter pre-oviposition period and a higher oviposition and post-oviposition period in the soil. Fecundity and fertility were higher when A. basistriata was reared on soil. The soil was most favorable substrate for rearing of A. basistriata in the laboratory. This information may make this species useful for the biological control.

Resumo Os carabídeos são reconhecidos mundialmente como agentes de controle biológico de pragas agrícolas. O objetivo foi comparar o ciclo de vida de Abaris basistriata Chaudoir (Coleoptera: Carabidae) em três substratos: solo, vermiculita fina, ou guardanapos de papel. O ciclo biológico de A. basistriata apresentou diferentes durações no solo e no papel. A viabilidade dos ovos e a sobrevivência das larvas do primeiro e segundo instares foram semelhantes nos três substratos, enquanto que o terceiro instar e a pupa apresentaram maior sobrevivência no solo quando comparados com vermiculita e papel. O substrato solo foi mais favorável à longevidade do carabídeo. Abaris basistriata mostrou menor período de pré-oviposição e maior período de oviposição e pós-oviposição no solo. A fecundidade e a fertilidade foram maiores quando A. basistriata foi criado no solo. O solo foi o substrato mais favorável para a criação de A. basistriata no laboratório. Estas informações são importantes e podem tornar essa espécie útil para o controlo biológico.

Biomarcadores inflamatórios e de estresse oxidativo em cadelas submetidas à ovário-histerectomia videoassistida ou convencional / Inflammation and oxidative stress indicators in bitches submitted to laparoscopic-assisted or conventional ovariohysterectomy

A videocirurgia é atualmente uma das principais ferramentas operatórias, com vantagens que incluem menor estresse, incisões e dor pós-operatória quando comparada aos procedimentos abertos. Objetivou-se comparar o processo inflamatório e o estresse oxidativo resultantes das técnicas de ovário-histerectomia (OVH) convencional e videoassistida, com dois portais em cadelas, por meio de hemograma, avaliação de acetilcolinesterase, butirilcolinesterase, catalase e malondialdeído séricos, imediatamente antes da operação e duas, seis, 12, 24, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia. Observou-se menor estresse cirúrgico nas pacientes operadas pela técnica videoassistida, e sugere-se que a técnica convencional possa implicar peroxidação lipídica, mesmo com o uso de anti-inflamatório.(AU)

Videosurgery is currently a very important surgical tool with several benefits over the open surgery, including less surgical stress, shorter incisions and less postoperative pain. The purpose of this study was to compare the inflammatory process and oxidative stress between conventional and two-port laparoscopic-assisted ovariohisterectomy (OVH) in bitches. Complete blood counting, serum acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase, catalase and malondialdehyde were assessed on the baseline and at two, six, 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours after surgery. The patients submitted to the videoassisted technique presented lower inflammatory response. There are suggestions that the conventional technique promotes lipid peroxidation, even with the use of anti-inflammatories.(AU)

HPV vaccines: a controversial issue?

Controversy still exists over whether the benefits of the available HPV vaccines outweigh the risks and this has suppressed uptake of the HPV vaccines in comparison to other vaccines. Concerns about HPV vaccine safety have led some physicians, healthcare officials and parents to withhold the recommended vaccination from the target population. The most common reason for not administering the prophylactic HPV vaccines are concerns over adverse effects. The aim of this review is the assessment of peer-reviewed scientific data related to measurable outcomes from the use of HPV vaccines throughout the world with focused attention on the potential adverse effects. We found that the majority of studies continue to suggest a positive risk-benefit from vaccination against HPV, with minimal documented adverse effects, which is consistent with other vaccines. However, much of the published scientific data regarding the safety of HPV vaccines appears to originate from within the financially competitive HPV vaccine market. We advocate a more independent monitoring system for vaccine immunogenicity and adverse effects to address potential conflicts of interest with regular systematic literature reviews by qualified individuals to vigilantly assess and communicate adverse effects associated with HPV vaccination. Finally, our evaluation suggests that an expanded use of HPV vaccine into more diverse populations, particularly those living in low-resource settings, would provide numerous health and social benefits.

Propriedades probióticas in vitro de Lactobacillus spp. isolados de queijos minas artesanais da Serra da Canastra - MG / In vitro probiotic properties of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Minas artisanal cheese from Serra da Canastra - MG

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar o potencial probiótico in vitro de Lactobacillus spp. isolados de queijos minas artesanais da Serra da Canastra, considerando-se o antagonismo entre amostras isoladas frente a microrganismos indicadores, a susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos, a sensibilidade ao ácido gástrico e a sensibilidade a sais biliares. Todas as bactérias ácido-lácticas testadas apresentaram resistência ao ácido gástrico (pH 2,0) e aos sais biliares (0,3%), bem como atividade antagonista contra Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella enterica var. Typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis e bactérias ácido-lácticas isoladas dos próprios queijos - Lactobacillus plantarum (D27) e Lactobacillus rhamnosus (B25). Todas as amostras foram sensíveis à eritromicina e tetraciclina e resistentes à ciprofloxacina, gentamicina, oxacilina, estreptomicina e vancomicina. L. plantarum (B17) apresentou melhor potencial probiótico, pois obteve resultados satisfatórios em todas as propriedades avaliadas. Mais estudos são necessários para verificar a presença e a capacidade de transmissão de genes de resistência antimicrobiana a outros microrganismos e para avaliar o potencial dos microrganismos in vivo. As bactérias selecionadas poderão ser utilizadas na elaboração de queijos em que sejam mantidos o sabor e a tradição do queijo minas artesanal do estado de Minas Gerais...

The aim of this study was to determine some in vitro probiotic features of Lactobacillus spp. isolated from Minas artisanal cheese from Serra da Canastra in order to select some bacteria for future production of safer cheeses keeping their natural flavor and tradition. The evaluated properties were antagonism against indicator microorganisms, antimicrobial susceptibility and also sensitivity to gastric acid and to bile salts. All lactic acid bacteria tested were resistant to gastric acid (pH 2.0) and bile salts (0.3%). Antagonistic activities were detected against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, Salmonella entericavar. Typhimurium, Enterococcus faecalis and other lactic bacteria isolated from the same cheese - Lactobacillus plantarum (D27) and Lactobacillus rhamnosus (B25). All samples were sensitive to the antimicrobials erythromycin, tetracycline and resistant to ciprofloxacin, gentamycin, oxacillin, streptomycin and vancomycin. L.plantarum (B17) presented the best probiotic potential. Further studies are needed to verify the presence and the capacity of transmission of antimicrobial resistance genes to other microorganisms and evaluate the in vivo probiotic potential of the selected microorganisms...

Role of α2-adrenoceptors in the lateral parabrachial nucleus in the control of body fluid homeostasis

Central α2-adrenoceptors and the pontine lateral parabrachial nucleus (LPBN) are involved in the control of sodium and water intake. Bilateral injections of moxonidine (α2-adrenergic/imidazoline receptor agonist) or noradrenaline into the LPBN strongly increases 0.3 M NaCl intake induced by a combined treatment of furosemide plus captopril. Injection of moxonidine into the LPBN also increases hypertonic NaCl and water intake and reduces oxytocin secretion, urinary sodium, and water excreted by cell-dehydrated rats, causing a positive sodium and water balance, which suggests that moxonidine injected into the LPBN deactivates mechanisms that restrain body fluid volume expansion. Pretreatment with specific α2-adrenoceptor antagonists injected into the LPBN abolishes the behavioral and renal effects of moxonidine or noradrenaline injected into the same area, suggesting that these effects depend on activation of LPBN α2-adrenoceptors. In fluid-depleted rats, the palatability of sodium is reduced by ingestion of hypertonic NaCl, limiting intake. However, in rats treated with moxonidine injected into the LPBN, the NaCl palatability remains high, even after ingestion of significant amounts of 0.3 M NaCl. The changes in behavioral and renal responses produced by activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN are probably a consequence of reduction of oxytocin secretion and blockade of inhibitory signals that affect sodium palatability. In this review, a model is proposed to show how activation of α2-adrenoceptors in the LPBN may affect palatability and, consequently, ingestion of sodium as well as renal sodium excretion.

Efeito da adição de farinha de linhaça à dieta sobre a concentração de colesterol e ácidos graxos em camarões / The effect of feed added of linseed on cholesterol and fatty acids in shrimp

Avaliou-se a expressão de ácidos graxos, macronutrientes e colesterol de camarões-da-malásia alimentados com dieta adicionada de sementes de linhaça. Quinhentos camarões foram distribuídos em dois grupos e alimentados durante 90 dias com dietas contendo: 1) lipídeo proveniente de linhaça e 2) óleo de soja (controle). A concentração de proteína foi maior (Р<0,05) para o grupo-linhaça, 15,8±0,09%, em relação ao grupo-controle, 15,2±0,04%. O peso corporal também se apresentou maior no grupo-linhaça, 1,38±0,93g, em relação ao grupo-controle, 0,93±0,48g. O grupo-linhaça apresentou teor de colesterol de 120,8±23,9mg/100g e o grupo-controle, 130,2±13,9mg/100g, porém sem diferença estatística significativa. Em relação ao perfil lipídico, a suplementação da dieta com linhaça influenciou a incorporação do ácido oleico (C18:1, ω-9) e melhorou a relação ω-6/ω-3 na carne do camarão (Р<0,05). Concluiu-se que a adição de linhaça à ração promoveu importantes modificações na qualidade nutricional dos tecidos do camarão.

The aim of the present study was to analyze the chemical composition of shrimp fed with a diet added of linseed flour. Five hundred post larvae shrimp were divided into two groups: a linseed group fed with a diet based on casein complemented with linseed and a control group, fed a diet without linseed flour. The cholesterol content for the linseed group was 120.8±23.9 mg/100g while for the control group it was 130.2±13.9 mg/100g. However, the protein content of 15.8±0.09 % and the body weight of 1.38±0.93g for the linseed group were higher than for the control group. It was concluded that the addition of linseed to the diet seems to increase the protein, weight and oleic acid (C18:1, ω-9) in the shrimp tissue. The ratio of polyunsaturated fatty acids/saturated fatty acids and ω-6/ω-3 for the linseed group was more suitable than for the control group.

Human sepsis-associated Escherichia coli (SEPEC) is able to adhere to and invade kidney epithelial cells in culture

The adhesins of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli are essential for mediating direct interactions between the microbes and the host cell surfaces that they infect. Using fluorescence microscopy and gentamycin protection assays, we observed that 49 sepsis-associated E. coli (SEPEC) strains isolated from human adults adhered to and invaded Vero cells in the presence of D-mannose (100%). In addition, bacteria concentrations of approximately 2 x 10(7) CFU/mL were recovered from Vero cells following an invasion assay. Furthermore, PCR analysis of adhesin genes showed that 98.0% of these SEPEC strains tested positive for fimH, 69.4% for flu, 53.1% for csgA, 38.8% for mat, and 32.7% for iha. Analysis of the invasin genes showed that 16.3% of the SEPEC strains were positive for tia, 12.3% for gimB, and 10.2% for ibeA. Therefore, these data suggest that SEPEC adhesion to cell surfaces occurs through non-fimH mechanisms. Scanning electron microscopy showed the formation of microcolonies on the Vero cell surface. SEPEC invasiveness was also confirmed by the presence of intracellular bacteria, and ultrastructural analysis using electron transmission microscopy revealed bacteria inside the Vero cells. Taken together, these results demonstrate that these SEPEC strains had the ability to adhere to and invade Vero cells. Moreover, these data support the theory that renal cells may be the predominant pathway through which SEPEC enters human blood vessels.

Emprego do óleo de Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae) na odontologia: perspectivas quanto à utilização como antimicrobiano alternativo às doenças infecciosas de origem bucal / Use of Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel (Myrtaceae) oil in dentistry: perspectives on its use as alternative antimicrobial to infectious diseases of oral origin

O interesse por medicamentos alternativos, principalmente daqueles provenientes de extratos naturais, tem aumentado nas últimas décadas. A Melaleuca alternifolia é um arbusto pertencente ao gênero Melaleuca, popularmente conhecida como "árvore de chá", cujo principal produto é o óleo essencial (TTO - tea tree oil), de grande importância medicinal por possuir comprovada ação bactericida e antifúngica contra diversos patógenos humanos. Em virtude da atividade terapêutica em diversas especialidades médicas, o TTO passou a ser empregado na área odontológica. Esta revisão de literatura foi realizada com o objetivo de discutir os ensaios já realizados com o TTO contra microrganismos relacionados à doença cárie, doença periodontal e problemas pulpares. O óleo de Melaleuca tem demonstrado boa ação antibacteriana in vitro contra microrganismos bucais, porém, pesquisas envolvendo o estudo do mecanismo de ação sobre as células microbianas ou estudos in vivo ainda são escassos e precisam ser realizados, já que esse produto pode ser útil na odontologia, seja na manutenção química da higiene ou prevenção de doenças bucais.

The interest in alternative medicines, especially those from natural extracts, has increased in recent decades. Melaleuca alternifolia is a shrub belonging to the genus Melaleuca, popularly known as "tea tree", the main product of which is its essential oil (TTO - tea tree oil), of great medicinal importance for its proven bactericidal and antifungal activity against several human pathogens. By virtue of its therapeutic activity in various medical specialties, TTO is now used in dentistry. This literature review was conducted in order to discuss the tests already carried out with TTO against microorganisms related to dental caries, periodontal disease and pulpal problems. Melaleuca oil has shown good in vitro antibacterial activity against oral microorganisms; however, research involving the study of its mechanism of action on the microbial cells or in vivo studies are still scarce and need to be done since this product may be useful in dentistry, either in the chemical maintenance of hygiene or in the prevention of oral diseases.

Avaliação preliminar de óleos essenciais de plantas como repelentes para Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae) / Preliminary evaluation of plant essential oils as repellents against Aedes albopictus (Skuse, 1894) (Diptera: Culicidae)

Óleos essenciais de plantas têm sido formulados de forma caseira ou colocados no mercado de forma artesanal para repelir mosquitos hematófagos. O presente trabalho avaliou o possível efeito repelente de alguns excipientes normalmente usados em formulações comerciais e de óleos essenciais de nove plantas, sobre fêmeas de Aedes albopictus. Os testes foram realizados em caixas contendo mosquitos, oferecendo-se uma área definida de dedos da mão tratados ou não. Exceto pelo creme Lanatte e os géis de carbopol, as substâncias excipientes avaliadas mostraram ação repelente. Apenas os óleos provenientes de citronela (5 e 10 por cento) resultaram em repelência expressiva, com índices médiosde proteção acimade 98 por cento. Os resultados indicam que a metodologia empregada é adequada para a avaliação preliminar de produtos com potencial para a repelência de mosquitos.

Plant essential oils have been domestically formulated or marketed as handcraft products to repel hematophagous mosquitoes. This work evaluated the possible repellent effect of both excipients normally used in commercial formulations and essential oils from nine plants against Aedes albopictus females. The assays were carried out in boxes containing mosquitoes, where a defined area of treated or non-treated fingers was offered. Except for Lanatte cream and carbopol gels, the evaluated excipients had repellent action. Only the oils from citronella (5 and 10 percent) presented expressive repellent action, with mean protection indexes above 98 percent. The results indicate that the used methodology is appropriate for the preliminary evaluation of products with potential to repel mosquitoes.